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MySql8之子查询

子查询

首先需要创建表

Mysql 基础表SQL https://songzixian.com/mysql/1792.html

1. 需求分析与问题解决

1.1 实际问题

题目:谁的工资比Abel高?

#方式一:
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = 'Abel';

SELECT last_name,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary > 11000;

#方式二:自连接
SELECT e2.last_name,e2.salary 
FROM employees e1,employees e2 
WHERE e1.last_name = 'Abel' 
AND e1.`salary` < e2.`salary`

#方式三:子查询 
SELECT last_name,salary 
FROM employees 
WHERE salary > ( 
    SELECT salary 
    FROM employees 
    WHERE last_name = 'Abel' 
);
1.2 子查询的基本使用
1.3 子查询的分类

分类方式1:

我们按内查询的结果返回一条还是多条记录,将子查询分为单行子查询多行子查询

分类方式2:

我们按内查询是否被执行多次,将子查询划分为相关(或关联)子查询不相关(或非关联)子查询

2. 单行子查询

2.1 单行比较操作符
操作符含义
=equal to
>greater than
>=greater than or equal to
<less than
<=less than or equal to
<>not equal to
2.2 代码示例

题目:返回公司工资最少的员工的last_name,job_id和salary

SELECT last_name, job_id, salary 
FROM employees
WHERE salary = (
    SELECT MIN(salary)
    FROM employees
);
2.3 HAVING 中的子查询

题目:查询最低工资大于50号部门最低工资的部门id和其最低工资

SELECT department_id, MIN(salary)
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MIN(salary) > (
    SELECT MIN(salary)
    FROM employees
    WHERE department_id = 50
);
2.4 CASE中的子查询

题目:显示员工的employee_id,last_name和location。其中,若员工department_id与location_id为1800的department_id相同,则location为’Canada’,其余则为’USA’。

SELECT employee_id, last_name, (
    CASE department_id 
    WHEN (
        SELECT department_id
        FROM departments
        WHERE location_id = 1800
    ) THEN 'Canada' ELSE 'USA' END
) location
FROM employees;
2.5 子查询中的空值问题
mysql> SELECT last_name, job_id
    -> FROM employees
    -> WHERE job_id = (
    ->     SELECT job_id
    ->     FROM employees
    ->     WHERE last_name = 'Haas'
    -> );
Empty set (0.01 sec)
子查询不返回任何行
2.6 非法使用子查询
mysql> SELECT employee_id, last_name
    -> FROM employees
    -> WHERE salary = ( # 多行子查询使用单行比较符
    ->     SELECT MIN(salary)
    ->     FROM employees
    ->     GROUP BY department_id
    -> );
ERROR 1242 (21000): Subquery returns more than 1 row

3. 多行子查询

3.1 多行比较操作符
操作符含义
IN等于列表中的任意一个
ANY需要和单行比较操作符一起使用,和子查询返回的某一个值比较
ALL需要和单行比较操作符一起使用,和子查询返回的所有值比较
SOME实际上是ANY的别名,作用相同,一般常使用ANY
3.2 代码示例

题目:查询平均工资最低的部门id

#方式1:
SELECT department_id 
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING AVG(salary) = (
    SELECT MIN(avg_sal) 
    FROM (
        SELECT AVG(salary) avg_sal 
        FROM employees 
        GROUP BY department_id 
    ) dept_avg_sal 
);

#方式2:
SELECT department_id 
FROM employees 
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING AVG(salary) <= ALL (
    SELECT AVG(salary) avg_sal
    FROM employees
    GROUP BY department_id 
);
MySQL中聚合函数是不能嵌套使用的。
3.3 空值问题
mysql> SELECT last_name
    -> FROM employees
    -> WHERE employee_id NOT IN (
    ->     SELECT manager_id
    ->     FROM employees
    -> );
Empty set (0.01 sec)

4. 相关子查询

4.1 相关子查询执行流程

如果子查询的执行依赖于外部查询,通常情况下都是因为子查询中的表用到了外部的表,并进行了条件关联,因此每执行一次外部查询,子查询都要重新计算一次,这样的子查询就称之为关联子查询

4.2 代码示例

题目:查询员工中工资大于本部门平均工资的员工的last_name,salary和其department_id

方式一:相关子查询

SELECT last_name, salary, department_id
FROM employees e
WHERE salary > (
    SELECT AVG(salary)
    FROM employees
    WHERE department_id = e.department_id
);

方式二:在 FROM 中使用子查询

SELECT last_name,salary,e1.department_id
FROM employees e1,(
    SELECT department_id,AVG(salary) dept_avg_sal
    FROM employees
    GROUP BY department_id
) e2 
WHERE e1.`department_id` = e2.department_id 
AND e2.dept_avg_sal < e1.`salary`;

在ORDER BY 中使用子查询:

题目:查询员工的id,salary,按照department_name排序

SELECT employee_id,salary
FROM employees e
ORDER BY (
    SELECT department_name 
    FROM departments d
    WHERE e.`department_id` = d.`department_id` 
);
结论:在SELECT中,除了GROUP BY 和 LIMIT之外,其他位置都可以声明子查询!
4.3 EXISTS与NOT EXISTS关键字

题目:查询公司管理者的employee_id,last_name,job_id,department_id信息

方式一:

SELECT employee_id, last_name, job_id, department_id
FROM employees e1
WHERE EXISTS ( 
    SELECT * 
    FROM employees e2 
    WHERE e2.manager_id = e1.employee_id
);

方式二:自连接

SELECT DISTINCT e1.employee_id, e1.last_name, e1.job_id, e1.department_id
FROM employees e1 JOIN employees e2 
WHERE e1.employee_id = e2.manager_id;

方式三:

SELECT employee_id,last_name,job_id,department_id
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id IN ( 
    SELECT DISTINCT manager_id 
    FROM employees 
);

题目:查询departments表中,不存在于employees表中的部门的department_id和department_name

SELECT department_id,department_name
FROM departments d
WHERE NOT EXISTS (
        SELECT *
        FROM employees e
        WHERE d.`department_id` = e.`department_id`
);
题目中可以使用子查询,也可以使用自连接。一般情况建议你使用自连接,因为在许多 DBMS 的处理过程中,对于自连接的处理速度要比子查询快得多。

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